Introduction to learning Japanese

Below is a quick rundown of a typical Japanese learning journey that should get you to basic fluency in less than two years. We've designed the method for people who want to learn Japanese efficiently through self-study and are interested in Japanese media such as movies, TV shows or novels.

If you have any questions, you can ask them in the Starting Lounge of the Matrix space, and people will help you. There are thousands people learning Japanese, and you should be part of it.

The right mindset

I'm just one person who took ideas from other people, applied them systematically and found success with it.

― Khatzumoto

Consuming the language is how you learn the language. You know, babies can only cry and poop their pants but within the first few years from birth they learn to speak their first language. They quickly absorb complicated grammatical principles and soon can speak with accurate grammar and near perfect pronunciation. It happens because they listen to people around them, especially parents, and they slowly begin to understand what is being said. Our brain is built to do that instinctively.

Traditional language learners say that as you grow up the part of your brain responsible for language acquisition dies, and you lose access to it. They insist that adults have to learn languages the same way you learn math or science: with your rational, logical brain; by consciously memorizing rules and drilling exercises. This has proven to be untrue.

According to Stephen Krashen, humans acquire language when they understand messages. Krashen calls it comprehensible input. The process of acquiring a second language is similar to the process that children undergo when learning their native language. You can do it no matter how old you are.

We're not babies, we're smarter, and we can learn faster. Any adult with some help of technology can aquire a language through input, by immersing themselves in the language. Language acquisition can't be substituted with learning a language, e.g. taking classes or buying textbooks. Immersion is the most crucial ingredient of the entire process.

How to immerse

No, you're not going to go to the country and ask a Japanese person to speak to you. Immersion refers to any form of listening or reading in your target language. The best type of content to use is anything you're interested in. As long as it's by natives for natives, it's fine.

The process is divided into two steps.

1. Watch a movie or a TV-show in Japanese. The visual component will help you understand what's going on. Use Japanese subtitles, if available, to look up unknown words and grammar. If not, you might be surprised at how much you can learn from simply watching raw, with no subtitles. This is called active immersion.
2. Reuse what you've watched for passive immersion. Passive immersion is when you have audio playing in the background while you're doing something else. A popular practice among people doing AJATT is to take an episode of a TV show they have watched, extract the audio track and add it to a playlist. I am going to tell you how to do it in the article about passive listening.

As for reading, the above applies if for a book you read you find the corresponding audiobook. If not, just read it and skip the second step.

It is reasonable to ask how you're supposed to learn from native content if you still understand nothing. It is true that actively consuming native media, looking up words and trying to learn them is an immense task for a beginner. You're going to spend your first weeks learning the basics of the language. Your active study time during this stage will include learning the alphabets, kanji, basic vocabulary and grammar. Nonetheless, you have to do immersion from day one. What I recommend you do at this stage is watch easy anime without subtitles. Instead of looking up words rely on imagery and context to infer what's going on in the show. You can start using Japanese subtitles once you have a foundation in the Japanese writing systems. Passively listen to each episode after you complete it to maximize time spent immersing. By simply listening, your brain will slowly get better at parsing and understanding the language. Listening a lot is going to eventually enable you to understand spoken language, be it a conversation or your favorite anime.

Once you learn the basic vocabulary, nothing stops you from learning just from immersion. Don't wait for too long. There are people who trap themselves into thinking, "I'm going to start watching raw anime when I'm good", "I don't immerse because I don't understand Japanese yet". This is a very dangerous pattern. You start wearing skates before you know how to skate. You start watching without subs before you understand.

For passive listening try to choose the material that you previously actively watched and comprehended. The quality of passive immersion is lower if you don't actively work with it beforehand. Avoid listening to "white noise", you only really make gains when you understand the language you are consuming. You won't be able to comprehend everything right away, but as you learn new words from your immersion, expect your comprehension to quickly grow within the first few months. You have to make effort to make the content comprehensible. Look up words, rely on the imagery, choose material with simpler language.

Slice of life anime is the easiest genre to learn from in the beginning. To find easy anime you can search MAL. Additionally, the ixrec website has a page with media recommendations.

The more language-dense your immersion content is, the better. It's a good idea to choose content where people talk a lot, with some caveats.

• In general podcasts and radio are more challenging for beginners, and they rarely have transcriptions. Learning from such content is harder than, say, anime, where you can open a subtitle file and look up unknown words. I recommend podcasts for intermediate learners and above.

• Songs contain unnatural sentence structures, grammar, word choice. They tend to use more "poetic", uncommon words. Sometimes if a word can be read many ways, they choose to sing the less common version.

  It's hard to hear the lyrics through music. Even in our native language we often fail to hear or make sense of some parts of songs. Instead of listening to songs for the sake of immersion, it's better to choose a more comprehensible material.

  But music is fun. Reading song lyrics is a fun way to find new, often cool and rare words. Give it a try once you're advanced.

I hope you'll find an immersion routine that suits your life. If you think you can't do it, don't worry. Even Khatz, the AJATT founder, said in his blog that he wasn't always able to immerse all day. He still tried to do as much as he could, while having a job and studying at a university at the same time. AJATT has existed for years, many people went through the program and achieved fluency.

Outputting

In AJATT, to output simply means to speak your target language, to interact with native speakers. Many language learners are eager to start speaking from day one. Unfortunately, this approach doesn't quite work, especially for those striving for true mastery of a language. While memorizing set phrases and practicing them can be helpful for very basic conversations, it is not a sustainable method for long-term progress.

The AJATT way is to acquire language before engaging in speaking practice. As Khatz, the founder of AJATT, once said, "Shut up before you hurt yourself." The primary goal is to understand the language first. Without comprehension, successful communication with others becomes challenging, even if you have memorized basic phrases from a textbook.

Premature speaking can have other negative effects, such as impacting your accent and reinforcing common mistakes. These effects are often evident in traditional language learners' speech patterns.

• It takes time to train your listening until you can hear native speech at natural speed and comprehend it. If you can't hear the sounds yet, there's no way you can repeat them without a strong foreign accent. Traditional language learners start speaking very early, from day one. As they speak, they get used to pronouncing words incorrectly.

  Think about Japanese people. After getting crippled by the school system that doesn't and can't offer enough listening practice they confuse the l and r sounds when they try to speak English.

  A lot of people think, "I'll have native speakers correct me and tell me where I'm off". Imagine a blind person trying to draw a self-portrait and someone telling them, "oh, the nose is a little bigger". That's not going to help them too much.

  If you want good pronunciation, you need to rely on your own ability to correct yourself. You need to develop a good listening ability before you start speaking.

• Mistakes are bad because they become habits. If you make a mistake, you are more likely to say the same construction the next time. Don't hope that a native speaker will correct your mistakes. Unless the other party didn't understand you at all, they are not going to point out where you're off. Even if you ask them to correct all your mistakes, there's no guarantee that you'll be able to apply the corrections.

Go through a silent period. A very popular community guideline is to avoid speaking to anyone in Japanese for the first 1 or 2 years of learning.

Output comes naturally. Once you get a few thousand hours of input, your speaking ability is going to emerge gradually. Forcing it usually doesn't work. Again, remember how small children learn to speak their native language. Their output ability emerges as a result of immersion.

1. Immersion + SRS = comprehension ability.
2. Immersion + comprehension ability = output ability.
3. Output ability + practice = output mastery.

Software overview

We're going to use various programs to help us with Japanese. Since this is an intro article, you don't have to install everything right now. It's just an outline. The most important tools will be described in Our Immersion Learning Toolset. Afterwards, you'll be presented with articles that teach comprehensively how to use the tools. Additionally, we have more suggestions in Resources and throughout the rest of the guide.

Desktop

• Install Japanese fonts. I suggest noto-fonts-cjk. Refer to Japanese fonts for detailed instructions.
• Install and configure Fcitx to type in Japanese. The Fcitx guide can be found here. The input method I use is fcitx-kkc but other options are also available.
• For passive immersion use mpd together with ncmpcpp. Keep your immersion material in a separate folder, for example ~/Music/immersionpod.
• Condense your immersion with impd. Condensing takes a video file with subtitles and removes all parts where no one is speaking, producing an audio file with increased language density for passive listening.
• The most recommended video player is mpv. It supports add-ons (user-scripts) many of which can be used to make language learning easier.
• Install and set up Anki. It's a flashcard program used to memorize words, phrases and sentences.
• The most popular offline dictionaries are:
  1. qolibri.
  2. GoldenDict
  3. Tagaini Jisho
• When you read in your browser, use Rikaitan to discover meanings of unknown words.

Mobile

• Install Mozc for Android to be able to type in Japanese. Because Android lacks free/libre keyboards, you can also use Gboard if you want, but make sure to completely block it from accessing the Internet.
• AntennaPod is a great app for playing podcasts. This list of podcasts is a good starting point.
• Get AnkiDroid. It doesn't require any specific steps to set it up other than entering your AnkiWeb credentials to sync with the desktop.
• Offline Japanese dictionaries available are Sumatora, jiten or anything else you find on F-Droid.

Do not use

• Machine translators. Every translation differs from the original thought because no word has an exact equivalent in another language. Japanese honorifics, levels of politeness, and other things don't exist in English and get lost in translation.

  In order to truly understand anything in your target language, you have to understand it in the target language the first time. To achieve this, the goal is to receive thousands of hours of comprehensible input and acquire the necessary vocabulary and grammar.

  Machine translations are often unnatural, wrong, or misleading. While they may provide a general idea of what's being said, they cannot convey the full meaning and all the details of the original message. It is acceptable to use machine translations for individual words, although it is safer to consult a dictionary instead.

  Google Translate is good at recognizing drawn characters. You can use it to transcribe a kanji character that cannot be copy-pasted (when reading manga, for example) and in situations where OCR software fails to do so.

• Paid software. For language learning there is no paid software that offers any unique functionality that isn't available in the free alternatives or isn't useless from our point of view. Besides, if you're going to spend 10 years learning Japanese, do you really want to continue paying all that time?

• Proprietary software. Most proprietary software is malware, that's just the reality we live in.

Writing systems

The three writing systems used in Japanese today are hiragana, katakana and kanji. Hiragana and katakana are two phonetic scripts, each containing 46 characters. Kanji come from Chinese and are complex characters that represent concepts.

Kana

Have a look at the Wikipedia pages on Hiragana and Katakana to understand what you're dealing with. Together they're referred to as the kana. The key points to take away:

• The two alphabets represent the same sounds. Katakana is mostly used to write loan words and onomatopoeia, Hiragana for everything else not written in kanji.
• Due to its purpose, katakana is not used as often as hiragana, as you will notice once you start reading.
• They are very easy. Each can be learned in a day.
• Any Japanese text not aimed at preschoolers contains kanji, so learning only the kana won't cut it.

In the article about learning kana (later in this guide) I recommend using a training app or a premade Anki deck. Either way should take you two days or so to complete, and no more than a week if you're lazy.

Kanji

Kanji were imported from China a long time ago. They are logo-graphic characters used to write words and parts of words. To truly learn kanji you need to read native Japanese texts for thousands of hours. Kanji study is meant to prime your brain for recognizing the characters and make transition to reading easier.

The most recent method for learning kanji is referred to as JP1K. In essence, it's a specifically preformatted Anki deck. The deck contains around 1,000 cards, thus the name JP1K. There's a specific studying technique associated with the format of the deck. Once you learn all cards from the deck, it gives you the ability to recognize the most common kanji characters together with words that represent them. On this site you'll find links to premade JP1K decks as well as instructions on how to convert any vocabulary deck into the JP1K format.

The are other, older methods of learning kanji. One of the most well-known is called isolated kanji study. While we at AJATT don't recommend this method as much, it may still be of interest to some learners.

Choose only one of the above methods. No matter what option you pick, don't bother learning to write the characters just yet. To learn how to write by hand you need to be able to read some Japanese first. There are better ways to learn to write which are going to be discussed later on this site.

Japanese writing systems.

You can totally skip the kanji phase and move straight to learning basic vocabulary. If you choose to do so, you're going to memorize words as is, with the kanji. For each word just try to remember how it looks, what it means and how it sounds. Treat kanji like pictures and memorize kanji compounds as single units. No doubt it is more difficult, but it works for many people.

Basic vocabulary

After getting familiar with the writing systems, use a premade Anki deck to build up the basic vocabulary. Completing this step makes learning from input easier, you won't have to struggle looking up every word on each page.

Download Ankidrone Essentials and learn one or two thousand cards from it. You are free to continue learning new cards from the deck, but don't get stuck on this step and move to sentence mining (covered later) as soon as possible.

Each card in Ankidrone Essentials has a sentence at the front. The target word of the card is shown in bold. The information needed to understand the sentence and the target word is provided at the back, it includes a rough translation and kanji readings. Your goal is to understand the target word. If you want, you can even skip reading the sentence, but neglecting the word's context can make the reviews harder.

Grammar

Choose a grammar guide and read it. It is the only textbook that you're really going to need through your AJATT journey. When I learned Japanese, I chose Tae Kim. Khatz used "All About Particles".

Combining grammar study with the SRS can help you understand the grammar better. Put the example sentences in Anki if you like. Highlight the grammar point in the sentence to mark it the target (targeted sentence cards, covered later). If you decide not to bother with Anki at this point, make sure to at least read through the whole grammar guide and pay attention to examples.

Don't waste your time memorizing conjugation tables. The grammar is a tool to aid comprehension, and knowing the rules won't help you output. By the time you recall a grammar rule and apply it to your thoughts, your conversation partner will be long gone.

A guide like Tae Kim doesn't cover everything. Even certain grammar in the advanced section can be considered pretty basic. As you continue to immerse, look up and when necessary make Anki cards for the rest of the grammar not covered in the grammar guide. The process is no different from making cards for regular words.

Create your own mining deck

The process of making sentence cards (or targeted sentence cards) for the words you don't know is called sentence mining (or sentence picking). A mining deck is an Anki deck you create yourself, as opposed to decks you download from the Internet, and fill it with sentences (and less often words) extracted from the content that you read (or watch with subtitles). Hence, you "mine" sentences from texts you read in the wild.

While premade Anki decks might seem convenient, they can't teach you everything, so making your own cards is essential to long-term success with Japanese. Continue to immerse by reading and listening to content created by native speakers for native speakers, and use dictionaries to look up new words and mine sentences.

Avoid creating too many single word flashcards. They're fine for nouns representing concrete objects but bad for other types of speech. Do not translate sentences. Understand them instead.

There is a popular goal in the community to create 10,000 flashcards within the first 18 months. While this number is not special, having a goal to work towards can be motivating. I managed to learn 10,000 sentence cards in 11 months. Feel free to take on this challenge as well, but remember that Anki is just a supplement for immersion learning.

How to divide your study time

Learning a language involves three main components:

• Reviewing flashcards.
• Reading immersion. Watching with target language subtitles (never with native language subtitles), reading manga and books.
• Listening immersion. Watching without subtitles (raw), listening to audiobooks, radio, podcasts.

Naturally, people often ask about how to allocate their study time effectively.

The general guideline is to divide your time equally between listening and reading (maintaining a 1:1 ratio), with an additional hour dedicated to flashcards. However, beginners should prioritize spending more time on listening than reading, while advanced learners will benefit more from reading than listening.

For beginners, reading is more daunting and has potential negative effects that most people would like to avoid. Reading leads to subvocalization. The act of reading activates muscles in the throat. If one doesn't have decent pronunciation yet, subvocalization will reinforce their bad pronunciation habits and further negatively influence the way they perceive spoken language. But learning through reading allows to learn vocabulary faster because the words are written down for you, you don't have to decipher them from speech, and you can read at your own pace. Learning through listening takes more time, but it doesn't have the same negative impact. Listening helps train your ears and enhances your ability to comprehend spoken language.

In conclusion, it is advisable to begin with listening immersion only. For example, start by watching easy anime. Note that you need subtitles to look up unknown words, but you don't need them to be visible all the time. Then, gradually incorporate reading immersion into your routine. As you progress, increase the time allocated to reading. Adjust the ratio depending on your personal goals.

We recommend not to exceed one hour per day on flashcards for two main reasons. First, most people find the SRS (spaced repetition systems) quite boring. Second, the SRS is just a supplement. It helps strengthen your memory, but language acquisition happens only while immersing.

Watching with subtitles counts towards reading immersion because reading the subtitles creates an inner voice that competes with the speech in your target language. Consequently, you are not actively listening to the native speech but rather focusing on your internal subvocalization while reading the subtitles.

Summary

In the following articles you'll find out how to go through the learning steps. Continue reading this site for detailed instructions. Below is a quick overview.

1. Build a Japanese immersion environment. Start consuming native Japanese content actively and passively. For example, watch anime in Japanese without translation. This is the first and the most important part.
2. Quickly learn the Japanese alphabets with a drilling app or an Anki deck.
3. The basics.
   • Do Ankidrone Foundation.
   • Immerse in Japanese media.
   • While doing Ankidrone Foundation, find a grammar guide you like and read it. Dedicate a short period of time every day, 30 minutes to an hour, to study grammar.
   • Create your own mining deck. You will be adding everything else you don't know to this deck. You may add example sentences from the grammar guide to your mining deck.
   • Do Ankidrone Essentials. This step is optional.
4. Continue immersing and making Anki cards.

Watch anime.

Tags: guide